Registered societies
Societies Registration Act, 1860 is a central act for registering not-for-profit organisations. Almost all the states in India have adopted (with modifications, if any) the central Act for creating state level authorities for registering various types of not-for-profit entities. According to the act any seven persons who subscribe to the Memorandum of Association (MOA) can register a society. The memorandum should include names of the society, its objectives, its names, addresses and occupations of the members subscribing to it as well as the first governing body to be constituted on registration.
There is no All India Level Act for setting up public charitable trusts. Some of the states in India have enacted the Public Charitable Trust Act, while most states in India do not have a trust act. An NGO can be created only under a public trust act. Madhya Pradesh and Rajasthan have independent state level public trust acts. States like West Bengal, Jharkhand and Bihar do not have any act to register a public trust.
A trust can be registered in one state, but the same has the scope to operate in any number of states. In the state of Maharashtra and Gujarat, all organisations that are registered as 'Society' are by default also registered as Public Trust.
Private trust[edit]
A private trust, created under and governed by the Indian Trusts Act of 1882, aims at managing assigned trust properties for private or religious purpose. A private trust does not enjoy the privileges and tax benefits that are available for public trusts or NGOs.
Non profit companies
Further information: Non-profit laws of India § Section 8, Companies Act 2013
Conferring of corporate personality to associations that promote cultural and charitable objectives, but exempting them from the operation of some cumbersome requirements (which are essentially for regulation of business bodies but are difficult for compliance by non-profit companies), are the noteworthy features that are provided under the companies act, 2013.
According to section 25(1) (Companies Act, 1956): "Where it is proved to the satisfaction. of the Central Government that an association is about to be formed as a limited company for promoting commerce, art, science, religion, charity or any other useful objectives, intends to apply its profits, if any, or other income in promoting its objectives, and to prohibit the payment of any dividend to its members, the Central Government may, by license, l direct that the association may be registered as a company with limited liability, without addition to its name of the word "Limited" or the words "Private Limited".
Comparison between a trust, a society and a non-profit company[edit]
Public Trust Society Section 8 Company[1]
Statute/Legislation Public Trust Act like Bombay Public Trust Act, 1950 Societies Registration Act of 1860 Companies Act of 2013
Jurisdiction of the Act Concerned state where registered Concerned state where registered Concerned state where registered
Authority Charity Commissioner/Deputy Registrar Registrar of Societies Registrar of Companies
Registration As Trust As Society (and by default also as Trust in Maharashtra and Gujarat) As Section 8 Company
Main Document Trust deed Memorandum of Association and Rules & Regulations Memorandum and Articles of Association.
Stamp Duty Trust deed to be executed a non-judicial stamp paper of prescribed value No stamp paper required for Memorandum of Association and Rules & Regulations No stamp paper required for Memorandum and Articles of Association
Number of persons needed to register Minimum two trustees; no upper limit Minimum seven, no upper limit Minimum three, no upper limit
Board of Management Trustees Governing body or council/managing or executive committee board of directors/Managing Committee
Mode of succession on board of management Usually by appointment Usually election by members of the general body Usually election by members of the general body
Types based on use[edit]
Co-operative societies[edit]
In India, cooperative societies are regarded as instruments to mobilise and aggregate community effort to eliminate layers of middlemen in any product or service supply chain hence resulting in greater benefit sharing for the grassroot farmer, worker or artisans. The Cooperative Credit Societies Act, 1904 enabled formation of cooperatives for supplying to farmers cheap credit and protect them from exploitation in the hands of the moneylenders. The cooperative act 1912 expanded the sphere of cooperation and provided for supervision by central organisation.
Multi-state co-operative societies[edit]
The Multi-state Co-operative Societies Act, 2002 which substitutes the earlier statute of 1984, facilitates the incorporation of cooperative societies whose objects and functions spread over to several states. The act provides for formation of both primary (with both individual and institutional members) and federal cooperatives (with only institutional memberships). Any application for the registration of a multi-state cooperative society, of which all the members are individuals, should be signed by at least fifty persons from each of the states concerned. In case of a society of which members are cooperative societies, it should be signed by duly authorised representative of at least five such societies registered in different states.
Trade unions[edit]
Trade union means any combination, whether temporary or permanent, formed primarily for the purpose of regulating the relations between workmen and employers or between workmen and workmen or between employers and employers, or for imposing restrictive conditions on the conduct of any trade or business, and includes any federation of two or more Trade Unions.
Religious bodies[edit]
Religious bodies are frequently registered as NGOs.
Laws governing NGOs in India[edit]
Main article: Non-profit laws of India
Controversy[edit]
Foreign Funding Allegation[edit]
Intelligence Bureau, in a report accused "foreign-funded" NGOs of "serving as tools for foreign policy interests of western governments" by sponsoring agitations against nuclear and coal-fired power plants and anti-GMO agitation across the country. The NGOs, are said to be working through a network of local organisations to negatively impact GDP growth by 2–3%.[2] The report says,
A significant number of Indian NGOs funded by donors based in US, UK, Germany and Netherlands have been noticed to be using people-centric issues to create an environment, which lends itself to stalling development projects.[3]
It alleged that Greenpeace was leading a "massive effort to take down India's coal-fired power plant and coal mining activity" by using foreign funds to "create protest movements under 'Coal Network' umbrella at prominent coal block and coal-fired power plant locations in India".[3] The Intelligence Bureau said the foreign NGOs and their Indian arms were serving as tools to advance Western foreign policy interests.[4] "Greenpeace aims to fundamentally change the dynamics of India's energy mix by disrupting and weakening the relationship between key players," the IB report said.
In April 2015, the Government of India shared a list of over 42,000 NGOs with Financial Intelligence Unit (FIU) to check suspicious foreign funding amid the crackdown on some top international donors for flouting the Foreign Contribution Regulation Act (FCRA), 2011. These 42,273 NGOs were put under watch after intelligence reports claimed that several charity organisations are diverting funds for purposes other than the permitted use of foreign contribution.[5] The list includes NGOs operating in religious, cultural, economic, social and educational fields. For the first time, the government has clearly defined the sectors in which it has listed Christian missionaries, Hindu, Sikh and Muslim religious groups receiving foreign contribution besides other activities of NGOs in which funds are claimed to be utilised. There is also suspicion that money launderers could use the legitimate route to wire illicit money.[5] Many of them are Christian Missionaries and other religious groups who are found to evade taxes.[6][7][8]
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Non- governmental organizations (NGOs) can be defined as, “legally constituted corporations created by natural or legal people that operate independently from any form of government.
The term originated from the United Nations and normally refers to the organizations that are not a part of the government and are not conventional for profit businesses. In the cases in which NGOs are totally or partially funded by the governments, the NGO maintains its non-governmental status by excluding government representatives from membership in the organization.” The NGOs are essentially heterogeneous, each having its own realm of operation. Their field of work may vary from taking care of street animals to providing care and rehabilitation of rescued human trafficking victims. Some of the prominent fields of operation are children, disabled persons’ education, taking care of the elderly, employment, environment, health, human rights and women.
Due to the multifarious nature of the realms of NGOs’ operations, several acronyms have been coined to categorize the NGOs.
• BINGO: “ Business-friendly International NGO”
• TANGO: “Technical Assistance NGO”
• TSO: “Third Sector Organization”
• GONGO: “Government Operated NGOs”
• DONGO: “Donor Organized NGO”
• INGO: “International NGO”
• QUANGO: “Quasi-Autonomous NGO”
• National NGO: “ A non-governmental NGO that exists only in one country”
• CSO: “Civil Society Organization”
• ENGO: “Environmental NGO”,such as Greenpeace and WWF
• NNGO: “Northern NGO”
• PANGO: Party NGO i.e. NGO set up by parties and used as a front for political matters.
• SNGO: “Southern NGO”
• SCO: “Social Change NGO”
• TNGO: “Transnational NGO”
• GSO: “Grassroots Support Organization”
• MANGO: “Market Advocacy Organization”
• NGDO: “Non-governmental Development Organization”
(Source of Acronyms-Wikipedia)
List of top ten NGOs in India
1. SAMMAAN FOUNDATION (established January 25, 2007): Originally established to link the poor to the mainstream through education, training and financial support, the current project of this NGO involves the rickshaw pullers to help them earn a better livelihood. This NGO also has notable contribution in areas like children education, health services and welfare of women.
2. GOONJ: A recipient of the “NGO of the Year” award in 2007 at the India NGO Awards, this NGO aims at solving the clothing problems of the downtrodden. Goonj also provides relief during Rahat floods in West Bengal, Assam and Bihar.
3. AKSHAYA TRUST: The sole aim of this NGO is to restore human dignity. Operating in Madurai, this NGO offers rehabilitation, healthy food and care to the street destitute.
4. SMILE FOUNDATION: The main aim of this NGO is the rehabilitation of the underprivileged by providing them education and healthcare services, thereby converting them into productive assets. It is run by a group of corporate professionals.
5. UDAAN WELFARE FOUNDATION: The main aim of this NGO is to help the destitute, the main area of stress being women, children and senior citizens and also environmental welfare. One of their main projects is a cancer chemotherapy center.
6. PRATHAM: The main aim of this NGO is to provide education to the children living in the huge slums of Mumbai and even providing education to those people who are unable to go to school. Their projects have increased enrollment of children in schools thus promising them a better tomorrow.
7. LEPRA Society: This NGO aims at prevention and control of diseases like AIDS, leprosy and tuberculosis in poor communities.
8. DEEPALAYA: This NGO aims at providing education to the children living in the slums of Delhi. Their projects also include providing healthcare, education, vocational training to the downtrodden and the physically disabled. They have contributed towards significant rural development in Haryana and Uttarakhand.
9. UDAY FOUNDATION: A New Delhi-based NGO, the Uday Foundation provides support to the parents and families of children suffering from congenital disorders and other syndromes. Their projects also include research to open new horizons of healthcare technologies. They also have health projects for common people. Their special stress is in the area of protecting child rights.
10. HELPAGE INDIA: Established in 1978, the sole aim of this NGO is to provide resources to the elderly people of our country. Their objective is to make aware the senior citizens of their rights and protect the rights of the senior citizens of our country so that they can also play a key role in our society. They also work with the government (both local and national) to implement policies that will be beneficial to the senior citizens of our country.
A famous Indian NGO, Chintan was the first in India to receive the US Innovation Award for Empowerment of Women and Girls, for its outstanding contribution in this field. The award was received by Chintan’s founder Bharati Chaturvedi from the US Secretary of State, Hillary Clinton. A further aid of USD 5,00,000 was announced by the US Secretary of State to facilitate Chintan’s endeavor to continue its noble efforts. The Award is funded by the Rockefeller Foundation “through the Secretary’s International fund for Women and Girls”.
India was estimated to have had around 3.3 million operational NGOs in 2009. The figure has no doubt increased in 2013. The best part about Indian NGOs is that they don’t blow their own trumpets and do their work seriously and sincerely. They contribute more than their fair shares for the upliftment of the society and enrichment of the lives of hapless and downtrodden people of India. Without their contribution, it would have come as no surprise if the picture of India was as grim as those of sub-Saharan countries.
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Jharkhand is an eastern state of India which was constituted by the division of Bihar into two. The new state consists of 18 districts separated from the erstwhile Bihar. It is the proud land of various pre-independence revolutionary movements and the heroes like Birsa Munda, Sidho and Kanho. Birsa Munda lead the armed tribal movement during his small life span of 25 years starting from 1875- 1900. It was an uprising against the exploitations and oppressions of the non-tribal landlords and jamidaars.
The land of Jharkhand is rich of minerals such as iron ore, coal, copper ore, mica, bauxite, graphite, limestone, uranium and the land of forests.
Since last one decade many projects for urbanisation of Jharkhand have cast severe effects on the life in the tribal belts. A large population of tribal communities had been displaced from their native places and dispossessed of their traditional sources of livelihood. Benefits of urbanization have not reached upto mass population and it is still surviving under even larger underprivileged and backward conditions. Large segment of the tribal and rural population is working as unskilled labourer and very few are semi-skilled or skilled labourers. The social evils like bonded labour is still practised while the labour laws, hopelessly, stand unimplemented. A major segment of the labourers is working in the mines on very low wages.
Socio-economic status of the state is very pathetic and a considerable chunk of the population is from the Scheduled Tribes and Adivasi communities. There is almost no provision of electricity and transportation in the tribal areas of Jharkhand, only few of the villages are electrified. People of the tribes are still struggling for their basic rights i.e. shelter, food, clean drinking water, sanitation, electricity, education for their children. The tribal homes are constructed out of wood, dry leaves and unbaked bricks.
Mortality rate of the children under the age of five is very high as the cases of severe malnutrition and fatal diseases are rampant. Weaker immune system and the lack of awareness, about- immunisation, exclusive breast feeding up to first 6 months, care of the newborn and handling of the baby at birth, are some of the other factors that directly and indirectly effect the health of the babies and the children under 5 years of the age. Apart from Nutritional deficiencies, the children below 5 years of age are suffering from physical and mental retardations, congenital diseases due to the poor diet during antenatal period and number of other diseases that have poor prognosis. The cases of high risk pregnancies and threatened abortions are very high. The tribal people are not aware about government schemes and programmes started for health promotion and prevention from diseases. There is hardly any provision like primary health care centres or other emergency care for the common people. People often die because of the unavailability of primary health care facilities.
The number of literates is near to negligible in most of the tribes and presence of students in the schools is unreasonably low. Overall surroundings and socio- economic conditions play a major role in lack of interest of the students in studies. The other factors include vacant posts of the teaching faculty and damaged infrastructure of schools. Sometimes the school buildings are used for non academic purposes like security posts or other government or local government offices.
—–Jharkhand, a state with major stratum of adivasi and tribal population is an underdeveloped state and is popularly categorised among developing states. Groups of non- governmental and non-profit organisations are working for the overall development of the tribes and the downtrodden adivasi communities. The non-profit organisations are working for eradication of various social issues such as dowry system, child marriage, child labour, domestic violence, adolescent age health related issues, women and child trafficking, exploitation of women, bonded labour, in various ways.
Non – Profit organisations are working with the target of the health promotion in the tribal areas. NGOs in Jharkhand organize health check-up camps, health awareness campaigns, conducts workshops to aware the people about health, cleanliness and hygiene. Theses NGOs organize schools to teach them on various health related issues i.e. on communicable diseases like tuberculosis, HIV, leprosy , STDs, RTDs and other diseases Diabetes mellitus, hypertension, malnutrition, diarrhoeal diseases and common health related problems. During their awareness and teaching campaign they use different methods of effective teaching including street plays, puppet shows, charts, games, dramas and leaflets written in local languages which make it easy for the people to understand, learn and at the same time encourage them to participate actively in group activities performed during such workshops.
The special schools and training centres have been started by the NGOs for the overall development of the women. NGOs organize special medical check up camps for the women and also educate them regarding sexually transmitted diseases, contraceptives, reproductive tract infections, medical termination of pregnancy, care during antenatal period, communicable diseases, exclusive breast feeding, care of the newborn baby and also encourages them for family planning. These non-profit organisations provide basic education to the women and encourage them to send their girl child to school. NGOs organize legal awareness camps, while many NGOs also provide legal aid free of cost. To empower the women a few NGOs also arrange occupational trainings for them.
Child development is another focal area of the non-profit organisations in Jharkhand. Medical check-up camps for the students, providing them education free of cost, various group activities to build self- confidence and leadership qualities.
NGOs in Jharkhand have been worked for the development of the underprivileged section of the society and are being working for the further development of the deprived section.
NGOs in Jharkhand :
Bokaro NGOs
Chatra NGOs
Deoghar NGOs
Dhanbad NGOs
Dumka NGOs
East Singhbhum NGOs
Garhwa NGOs
Giridih NGOs
Godda NGOs
Gumla NGOs
Hazaribag NGOs
Jamtara NGOs
Khunti NGOs
Koderma NGOs
Latehar NGOs
Lohardaga NGOs
Pakur NGOs
Palamu NGOs
Ramgarh NGOs
Ranchi NGOs
Sahibganj NGOs
Seraikela-Kharsawan NGOs
Simdega NGOs
West Singhbhum NGOs
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Samarpan is a social and cultural Non Governmental and non profit making organization working for more than last 10 years to improve the quality of society and life of children. It is registered under Indian Trust Act 1882. It was established in 23rd Sep. 2005. But it was registered as a trust on 28th December 2006. In 2005 itself the organization took up activities of making people aware, sensitive and creative in both rural and urban areas of Giridih & Koderma District. The organization believes that people cannot struggle on issues and against exploitation and oppression on their own. It found it necessary that its activists take up the issues and organize the people so as to enable them to get their right. At the moment the organization takes up issues and concentrates its activities in Giridih, Koderma, Sahebganj, Dhanbad, Hazaribagh, Plamu, Garwah and Bokaro District of Jharkhand. The organization initiated its efforts to strengthen youth groups as a tool of social mobilization.
ABOUT THE ORAGANISATION
The concept of egalitarian society has always eluded the civil society. Most of them have advocated that it is almost impossible to hope for one such society yet we can always try to attempt to mould the existing world order for the betterment of the society and of late number of civil society organization which have originated and scaled up themselves to cater to the need of the societies and its most deprived classes. These organization, how known as nongovernmental organizations are the result of positive effort of a group of dedicated workers drawn from different social disciplines effectively channeled in the right direction.
OBJECTIVE –
• To undertake research and action activities in the domains of health, education, natural resource managements etc.
• To building Community based organizations.
• To promotion and capacity building of WSHG.
• To initiate activities on a wide spectrum of socially relevant problems including child rights, women’s empowerment, care of the elderly and improvement of livelihood.
• To training for folk-theater and dance.
• To strengthen democracy in grassroot level by capacity building of PRI.
• Promotion of sustainable livelihood prog. And increasing per capita income of the out reach population.
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Jharkhand is an eastern state of India which was constituted by the division of Bihar into two. The new state consists of 18 districts separated from the erstwhile Bihar. It is the proud land of various pre-independence revolutionary movements and the heroes like Birsa Munda, Sidho and Kanho. Birsa Munda lead the armed tribal movement during his small life span of 25 years starting from 1875- 1900. It was an uprising against the exploitations and oppressions of the non-tribal landlords and jamidaars.
The land of Jharkhand is rich of minerals such as iron ore, coal, copper ore, mica, bauxite, graphite, limestone, uranium and the land of forests.
Since last one decade many projects for urbanisation of Jharkhand have cast severe effects on the life in the tribal belts. A large population of tribal communities had been displaced from their native places and dispossessed of their traditional sources of livelihood. Benefits of urbanization have not reached upto mass population and it is still surviving under even larger underprivileged and backward conditions. Large segment of the tribal and rural population is working as unskilled labourer and very few are semi-skilled or skilled labourers. The social evils like bonded labour is still practised while the labour laws, hopelessly, stand unimplemented. A major segment of the labourers is working in the mines on very low wages.
Socio-economic status of the state is very pathetic and a considerable chunk of the population is from the Scheduled Tribes and Adivasi communities. There is almost no provision of electricity and transportation in the tribal areas of Jharkhand, only few of the villages are electrified. People of the tribes are still struggling for their basic rights i.e. shelter, food, clean drinking water, sanitation, electricity, education for their children. The tribal homes are constructed out of wood, dry leaves and unbaked bricks.
Mortality rate of the children under the age of five is very high as the cases of severe malnutrition and fatal diseases are rampant. Weaker immune system and the lack of awareness, about- immunisation, exclusive breast feeding up to first 6 months, care of the newborn and handling of the baby at birth, are some of the other factors that directly and indirectly effect the health of the babies and the children under 5 years of the age. Apart from Nutritional deficiencies, the children below 5 years of age are suffering from physical and mental retardations, congenital diseases due to the poor diet during antenatal period and number of other diseases that have poor prognosis. The cases of high risk pregnancies and threatened abortions are very high. The tribal people are not aware about government schemes and programmes started for health promotion and prevention from diseases. There is hardly any provision like primary health care centres or other emergency care for the common people. People often die because of the unavailability of primary health care facilities.
The number of literates is near to negligible in most of the tribes and presence of students in the schools is unreasonably low. Overall surroundings and socio- economic conditions play a major role in lack of interest of the students in studies. The other factors include vacant posts of the teaching faculty and damaged infrastructure of schools. Sometimes the school buildings are used for non academic purposes like security posts or other government or local government offices.
—–Jharkhand, a state with major stratum of adivasi and tribal population is an underdeveloped state and is popularly categorised among developing states. Groups of non- governmental and non-profit organisations are working for the overall development of the tribes and the downtrodden adivasi communities. The non-profit organisations are working for eradication of various social issues such as dowry system, child marriage, child labour, domestic violence, adolescent age health related issues, women and child trafficking, exploitation of women, bonded labour, in various ways.
Non – Profit organisations are working with the target of the health promotion in the tribal areas. NGOs in Jharkhand organize health check-up camps, health awareness campaigns, conducts workshops to aware the people about health, cleanliness and hygiene. Theses NGOs organize schools to teach them on various health related issues i.e. on communicable diseases like tuberculosis, HIV, leprosy , STDs, RTDs and other diseases Diabetes mellitus, hypertension, malnutrition, diarrhoeal diseases and common health related problems. During their awareness and teaching campaign they use different methods of effective teaching including street plays, puppet shows, charts, games, dramas and leaflets written in local languages which make it easy for the people to understand, learn and at the same time encourage them to participate actively in group activities performed during such workshops.
The special schools and training centres have been started by the NGOs for the overall development of the women. NGOs organize special medical check up camps for the women and also educate them regarding sexually transmitted diseases, contraceptives, reproductive tract infections, medical termination of pregnancy, care during antenatal period, communicable diseases, exclusive breast feeding, care of the newborn baby and also encourages them for family planning. These non-profit organisations provide basic education to the women and encourage them to send their girl child to school. NGOs organize legal awareness camps, while many NGOs also provide legal aid free of cost. To empower the women a few NGOs also arrange occupational trainings for them.
Child development is another focal area of the non-profit organisations in Jharkhand. Medical check-up camps for the students, providing them education free of cost, various group activities to build self- confidence and leadership qualities.
NGOs in Jharkhand have been worked for the development of the underprivileged section of the society and are being working for the further development of the deprived section.
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